Abstract: The bell of the 21st century has sounded. Looking back on the 20th century, our country's economy has achieved considerable development and the productivity level has been greatly improved. However, while the improvement of productivity under the traditional model drives economic growth and brings profits to enterprises, it has also made our earth home full of holes and overwhelmed. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development released the long report "Our Common Future". The report proposed the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, which is "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Keywords: Analysis of causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang City, government behavior and countermeasures
1. Overview
The bell of the 21st century has sounded. Looking back on the 20th century century, our country's economy has achieved considerable development and productivity levels have been greatly improved. However, while the improvement of productivity under the traditional model drives economic growth and brings profits to enterprises, it has also made our earth home full of holes and overwhelmed.
In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development issued a long report "Our Common Future". The report proposed the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, which is "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This definition clearly expresses two basic views:
Humanity must develop, especially in poor areas;
Development must be limited, and it should not endanger the development of future generations.
Shijiazhuang City is a new modern industrial city in North China. It is the political, economic, cultural and scientific and technological center of Hebei Province. The total area is 15,848 square kilometers and the total population is 8.45 million. Its transportation is developed, with the Beijing-Guangzhou, Shijiazhuang-Taizhou and Shijiazhuang-Taizhou railways and the Beijing-Shenzhen, Shigang and Shijiazhuang-Taizhou expressways intersecting here. In recent years, Shijiazhuang City's industry has developed rapidly and people's living standards have improved significantly. However, rapid economic growth has brought serious environmental problems. It was he who suddenly became a famous environmental pollution city in the country. Among them, air pollution is the most prominent: especially when the wind reaches a certain level, dust flies all over the sky and spreads everywhere, causing garbage to overflow in some areas.
2. Analysis of the Current Situation and Causes of Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang
1.1 Current Situation of Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang
In recent years, with the development of urban industry, air pollution has become increasingly serious. Air quality further deteriorated. Air quality testing this week by the Hebei Provincial Environmental Monitoring Station on April 11 showed that the primary pollutant in Shijiazhuang was inhalable particulate matter (PM10). Because they are small in diameter and mixed with bacteria, they can be inhaled into the body and cause disease. At the same time, because they are very light and are not suitable for settling, they always float in the air. Sunlight shines on these dust particles and is absorbed or scattered, causing the sky to appear gray and visibility to be significantly reduced. Dust pollution is also serious, especially after rain. The car windshield is full of mud and water, and even the glasses are full of mud and water. Due to poor garbage disposal in a few areas, piles of garbage are rotting on the ground. When the wind blows, a stench hits the nostrils, which makes people feel sick. The wastewater and exhaust gas discharged from factories also affect air pollution to varying degrees, causing serious inconvenience to citizens' work and life.
1.2 Analysis of the causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang
1.2.1 Topography and climate factors are the basic reasons affecting the air quality of Shijiazhuang City
Shijiazhuang is located in the central and southern part of Hebei Province. It borders the Taihang Mountains to the west, and the vast North China Plain to the east, south and north. At the same time, Shijiazhuang has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, characterized by cold winters with little snow, dry and windy springs, hot and rainy summers, and clear and cool autumns. These specific geographical and climatic factors pose serious challenges to Shijiazhuang's air pollution. Due to the southeasterly wind, inhalable particulate matter and other pollutants over Shijiazhuang move westward with the wind. When blocked by the Taihang Mountains, they turn eastward and return to their original place. Similarly, when the northwest wind blows, due to the huge barrier of the Taihang Mountains, the northwest wind is intercepted in Shanxi, and some pollutants cannot be blown away, but can only continue to stay above Shijiazhuang.
1.2.2 Urban construction is an important reason affecting Shijiazhuang’s air quality
Shijiazhuang Gas Status Air Pollution Source Survey Form
Based on the statistical analysis of the classification of major air pollution , its main sources can be summarized as three major aspects: (1) fuel combustion (2) industrial production process (3) transportation, etc. According to statistics, the proportions of air pollution generated by the above three aspects are 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. In the combustion of direct fuels, the amount of air pollutants emitted by combustion accounts for about 96% of the total emissions from fuel combustion. Among them, the amounts of smoke, SO2, NOX and CO emitted by coal combustion account for 99% and 93% of fuel combustion emissions respectively. %, 81% and 97%. Although the air pollution emissions generated in various industrial production processes only account for about 1/5 of the total air pollution emissions, due to the relatively concentrated emission points. The concentration is relatively high, so the air pollution in industrial and mining areas or local areas is more serious. Mobile sources such as motor vehicles may cause serious pollution of CO, NOX and HC in streets with heavy traffic, such as Yuhua Road and Zhongshan Road.
(1) Fuel combustion. In Shijiazhuang, natural gas has not yet become popular in residents' lives, and coal is still people's preferred fuel. In the coal-fired market, high-sulfur coal still dominates. Due to economic constraints, it is impossible for people to give up cheap high-sulfur coal and buy environmentally friendly low-sulfur coal. This results in large amounts of SO2 emissions. At the same time, because Shijiazhuang is located in North China, winters are cold and heating is needed. In order to save money, some units implement self-sufficient heating systems, which increases the amount of coal burned and puts a heavy burden on the atmosphere.
(2) Industrial production process. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's textile industry has developed rapidly and is one of my country's cotton textile industry bases. The chemical industry is also a key development sector. There are large-scale North China Pharmaceutical Factory and Shijiazhuang Fertilizer Factory. The coal industry also plays an important role. Industrial and mining enterprises of this nature, even if they are key development departments in Shijiazhuang, are also the most polluting enterprises. Moreover, most of these industrial and mining enterprises are concentrated in urban areas, such as the considerable-scale North China Pharmaceutical Factory and Shijiazhuang Fertilizer Factory. In addition, there are some powder metallurgy factories and printing and dyeing factories that are also the main contributors to air pollution in Shijiazhuang.
(3) Transportation. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's economy has developed rapidly, and its transportation has also developed accordingly. Especially in recent years, the number of private cars has increased rapidly. However, the development of transportation has brought serious environmental problems. Car exhaust contains a large amount of CO, which is extremely harmful to the human body. Especially some large diesel trucks and smoke-emitting vehicles. The exhaust is mixed with a large amount of inhalable particulate matter, which is an important factor in causing diseases. According to Dr. Wang Wei of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the amount of inhalable particulate matter contained in the exhaust emitted by a diesel vehicle is almost the same as that of 100 gasoline vehicles, making it a more serious source of pollution. However, Shijiazhuang allowed diesel vehicles to enter the city, causing the concentration of respirable particulate matter in the air to rise sharply.
(4) Municipal construction. There is a common road slope problem on roads in Shijiazhuang, that is, the sidewalks on both sides of the road are significantly higher than the road surface and perpendicular to the road surface, forming a "concave" shape. As a result, the dust on the road cannot be blown away, and more and more dust accumulates. This is also the direct cause of the Chen weather. According to statistics, respirable particulate matter in urban dust accounts for about 40% of the total. However, people have failed to take effective measures to fundamentally deal with the dust caused by bare ground, construction sites, demolition sites, and sand and gravel yards. Governance. In addition, the chemical components in industrial wastewater are also very prone to chemical reactions and produce gases that are harmful to the human body.
(5) Industrial layout. Most of Shijiazhuang's industrial and mining enterprises are concentrated in the northeastern part of the city, and some are distributed in different areas of the city. The dispersed nature of these industrial and mining enterprises causes air pollution in the entire urban area to be affected to varying degrees.
(6) Greening. As an emerging industrial city, Shijiazhuang's greening has not kept up with the pace of industrial development. Only the greening within the government, some enterprises and institutions, and government agencies and organizations has basically met the standards, while the greening of the entire urban area is far from meeting the requirements. The South Second Ring Road has only planted a few batches of trees in the past two years, and other areas are still bare.
1.2.3 Market failure. The so-called market failure refers to the phenomenon in which the role of the market economy is weakened due to the incompleteness of the market (for example: the existence of monopoly power, lack of liquidity of production factors, the existence of huge externalities, lack of knowledge and information, etc.).
That is, a situation that prevents the market economy from realizing its theoretical benefits. From the perspective of sustainable development, externalities are an important factor in market failure. Externalities refer to the situation where the benefits and costs borne by an individual or an economic unit are the direct result of the actions of another individual or economic unit without any compensation. For example, a fertilizer factory pollutes the atmosphere, but ordinary people are forced to bear the damage caused by air pollution. It can be seen that market failure also leads to air pollution.
1.2.4 Government policy failure. The government is not omnipotent, and failure of government decision-making will also cause environmental problems. For example: the Hebei Provincial Government plans to build Shijiazhuang into a nationally renowned "pharmaceutical capital", and pharmaceutical factories are extremely polluting enterprises. This policy orientation is bound to have a negative impact on Shijiazhuang's air pollution.
1.2.5 The public does not have enough understanding of the environment
Currently, people have many misunderstandings about environmental protection. For example, there is insufficient understanding of the latent nature, long-term nature, urgency and difficulty of environmental problems, and they do not understand the government's environmental protection policies. Due to citizens' lack of understanding and lack of ideological attention, their behavior is not active enough and insufficient. Cooperate. For example, in Jianling Village in the southeast of Shishi City, the roads are bumpy and dusty. Coupled with the poor quality of the villagers, garbage can be seen everywhere. Especially after the market, the ground is in a mess, making villagers and passers-by miserable.
3 Government Action Countermeasures
In today’s world where ecological destruction and environmental pollution are becoming increasingly serious, the saying “economic development depends on the market and environmental protection depends on the government” has been widely accepted. The failure of environmental resource allocation requires the government to increase administrative supervision of environmental protection and adopt effective administrative, economic, legal, educational and other means to play its important role in solving environmental problems. After joining the WTO, our environmental management methods will be impacted. Therefore, we must update our concepts, raise awareness, and adapt to the new situation and environment.
1. Improve the functions of government agencies and integrate macro and micro aspects. The implementation of the sustainable development strategy requires almost all changes in the policy field, changing the past practice of formulating and implementing economic, social and environmental policies in a closed and separate manner in various departments, and integrating environmental protection with the formulation and implementation of other policies. It is not only beneficial to the environment itself, but also can improve the effectiveness of other policies. This requires the Shijiazhuang Municipal Government to establish an environmental management system. Its performance distribution is as shown in the top picture:
The government must improve the institutional settings in accordance with this system. Implement an administrative leadership responsibility system for environmental quality, clarify the responsibilities of each department, and define specific behaviors that violate environmental protection laws and regulations by staff of government and functional departments, enterprises and institutions. Departments and agencies that violate environmental protection laws and regulations or fail to implement them leading to a decline in environmental quality in their jurisdictions will be punished accordingly, so that the leader's "black hat" will be linked to whether the environmental protection standards of the area he is responsible for meet the standards. In addition, real power must be delegated to the environmental protection department and the rights and responsibilities must be clear so that implementation can be effective.
2. Carry out supervision and investigation work, unify the layout, and conduct classified management. To control environmental pollution, we must adhere to the principle of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control, and achieve comprehensive planning and rational layout.
2.1 Government environmental protection departments should effectively carry out environmental monitoring and investigation work. Recently, the Hebei Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center Station supervises and quarantines the increasingly serious indoor environmental pollution. In the future, similar institutions should be further improved to strengthen the monitoring of air pollution sources; weekly or daily urban air quality forecasts should be implemented to enable all relevant parties in society to understand possible air pollution situations in a timely manner. This enables some units that emit large amounts of pollutants and people who are sensitive to air pollutants to make preparations in advance. Take necessary countermeasures and provide timely, accurate and comprehensive environmental quality information for environmental management decision-making. At the same time, the government can invest in the construction of an environmental command center with the three major systems of monitoring, information, and detection as the core, equip it with motor vehicle exhaust remote sensing monitoring vehicles, and strengthen the standardization of environmental supervision.
2.2 Based on existing laws, regulations and systems, formulate and improve local regulations and strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision. In order to carry out environmental protection work deeply, it is essential to establish an environmental legal system that is conducive to environmental protection and adapts to sustainable development and market economy. The government can formulate a series of corresponding policies and regulations to improve this system (note that there must be comprehensive regulations, but also clear provisions on all aspects, and they must be continuously revised with the development of science and technology.
) On this basis, implement environmental law enforcement supervision, based on national environmental policies, laws, regulations and standards, focusing on the national environmental protection work focus, combined with the Shijiazhuang environmental protection work focus, using the rights granted by national laws and the administrative management authority granted by the Shijiazhuang Municipal Government , with the Shijiazhuang Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau as the main body, and with the cooperation of relevant departments, carry out effective supervision over all economic activities related to environmental protection.
3. Take corresponding prevention and control measures and strengthen management according to several main causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang City.
3.1 The government should use economic means to manage industrial and mining enterprises. Enterprises are the main producers and emitters of various pollutants, which requires enterprises to take practical measures to reduce the amount of pollutants while pursuing economic interests and achieve the unity of economic, social and environmental benefits. Encourage enterprises to change their concepts, abandon the economic prejudice of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and establish the concept that attaching importance to the environment is more beneficial to the economy. Promote and implement the principles of "polluter pays, utilization compensation, developer protection, and destroyer recovery". Units that damage the environment and discharge pollutants at will or exceed national standards shall be fined or levied sewage fees according to the type, quantity and degree of pollution; sewage units that discharge pollutants that damage people's health or cause property losses shall be ordered to compensate the victims loss; provide tax exemptions or other economic benefits to products produced using waste; and implement systems such as taxation and fees for the development and utilization of natural resources.
3.2 Develop strict standards to control dust and waste gas pollution. Close unqualified sand and gravel quarries. For construction and demolition sites, engineering contractors are required to raise protective screens around the construction sites and pave asphalt on the surrounding temporary traffic roads; some non-return soil must be transported out of the city at any time. Require delivery trucks to be covered with awnings to prevent construction materials from being scattered on the streets. Companies should use modern electronic filter towers and other advanced equipment to purify waste gas containing grease ash and harmful sulfur dioxide. Chemical plants should use pipelines to transport waste gas and other odor-containing gases generated from overproduction to coal stations for combustion, turning them into harmless carbonic acid gas and water vapor, and then discharging them to high altitudes through tall chimneys. Pharmaceutical factories should establish recovery and recycling devices for harmful gases, which can be recycled into gypsum. Develop and implement new nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compound emission standards and fuel quality qualification standards for factories and service industries. In addition, the government should speed up the construction of coal-burning-free zones and basically build the Shijiazhuang city center area (Heping Road, Tiyu Street, Huainan Road and Cang'an Road; Weiming Street and the area) into a coal-free zone, and gradually build it into a coal-free zone. Turn the entire urban area into a coal-free zone. At the same time, the government should order that some units that have the conditions for central heating must provide central heating.
3.3 Use administrative means to reduce vehicle pollution. The government should implement strict local rules and regulations, prohibit the sale of cars that do not meet the national exhaust emission standards, eliminate vehicles with excessive exhaust emissions; install electronic injection and three-way catalytic devices; speed up the transformation of motor vehicle fuels,
use natural and Clean energy such as electricity; at the same time, non-polluting vehicles such as trams can be opened. It is necessary to purchase clean models powered by natural gas for some new public vehicles and build natural gas filling stations. Tractors, motor tricycles and motorcycles with non-urban brands are prohibited from entering the urban area.
3.4 The government should strictly plan to solve the road slope problem in Shijiazhuang. On the one hand, in new road projects, try to avoid road slope problems. At the same time, for some main roads that have problems with road slopes, the government can order relevant departments to replace fences with flower beds and plant trees on both sides of the road to achieve the dual effects of dust prevention and air purification. On the other hand, the number of sprinkler trucks can be increased and used to sprinkle some treated sewage on the road several times a day.
3.5 Adjust the industrial layout to achieve industrial layout parkization. The government should intensify its efforts to gradually change the unreasonable industrial layout, implement the industrial policy of "optimizing two and revitalizing three" in urban areas, shift the focus of industry to development zones, develop industrial parks, and strictly implement industrial development-oriented policies and "three simultaneities" Regulation. Restrict the establishment of polluting industrial projects in some sensitive areas, and implement policies such as relocation, suspension of production, conversion of production, or rectification within a time limit for some heavily polluting enterprises. Expand the scale of Shishi Economic and Technological Development Zone and High-tech Industrial Development Zone.
4. Vigilant and reasonable planning and management of urban transportation and public facilities.
4.1 The government should increase investment.
4.1.1 Increase investment in public facilities.
The government can increase capital investment in some public facilities, such as building fountains and fire pools in some parks and squares. Establish car-free zones and commercial pedestrian streets at appropriate locations to reduce the flow of cars.
4.1.2 The government should increase investment in municipal waste management. The government can invest in setting up several garbage disposal points in a community to put garbage out regularly every day. At the same time, the government can invest in the development of the garbage industry. Of course, the way out of waste must also adhere to the principle of focusing on prevention and combining prevention and control. We cannot take the path of pollution first and then treatment. The government can allow companies to consider creating conditions for reducing waste during production, such as reducing packaging or changing disposables. Packaging is reusable packaging. Some garbage that cannot be decomposed naturally can be incinerated, but the dust and exhaust gas emissions from the incineration plant must be strictly limited. Chimneys are expensive, and exhaust gas filtering devices must be installed to minimize toxic substances discharged into the atmosphere.
4.2 Strengthen urban greening work and establish an urban three-dimensional greening system. Plant trees and grass on a large scale within Shijiazhuang, and implement three-dimensional greening on the basis of vertical greening. With the development of industry and changes in people's lifestyles, interior greening has become very important because many new residential and office buildings contain a lot of pollutants, some of which will release harmful gases or dust particles to pollute the air. They include many types of fuels, Wood, building materials, office equipment, furniture, carpets and chemical cleaning agents, etc. Additionally, plants, pets, or room air conditioning systems can harbor bacteria that can damage indoor air quality. Three-dimensional greening is to form a three-dimensional greening network indoors, on the ground, on the roof, and on the walls to prevent the growth of bacteria and mold. In addition, chemicals such as paints, fuels and pesticides should be restricted.
5. Make extensive use of publicity, education and other means to improve citizens’ quality and environmental awareness. Environmental protection is related to the survival and development of the entire nation. The essence of environmental protection is to protect productivity. All regions and departments must further improve their understanding of the importance of environmental protection, further strengthen environmental protection publicity and education, widely popularize and publicize environmental science and legal knowledge, effectively enhance citizens' environmental awareness and legal concepts, and improve their ability to protect the environment. consciousness. (1) All regions and departments must regard environmental protection legal knowledge as an important part of the training of cadres and workers, and improve the consciousness of leading cadres at all levels and the people at all levels in complying with environmental protection laws and regulations. Governments at all levels should regard environmental protection performance as the main indicator for assessing the performance of government officials, and let governments at all levels put environmental protection on their agenda. (2) Universities, middle schools and primary schools should actively carry out environmental education. (3) Establish a public talent and mechanism, give full play to the role of social groups, encourage the public to participate in environmental protection work, and report and expose various violations of environmental protection laws and regulations. (4) News media such as newspapers, radio and television should promptly report and commend advanced models in environmental protection work, and publicly expose and criticize illegal behaviors that pollute and damage the ecological environment. Expose individuals from units that seriously pollute and damage the ecological environment, and give full play to the supervisory role of news and public opinion. (5) Governments at all levels can set up publicity boards in residential areas to publicize laws and regulations on environmental protection and fully mobilize the consciousness of the masses.
6. Vigorously develop environmental protection technology and promote the development of environmental protection industry.
6.1 Actively develop science and technology to promote environmental protection enterprises. Our country has joined the WTO, and all domestic enterprises must face the challenges and tests of economic globalization. The method of opening up the international market only by relying on human resources and low labor prices is short-sighted and competes at the expense of the low income of the people. , its starting point is wrong, and its sustainability is even more questionable. The fundamental solution is to massively enhance the scientific and technological content of enterprises. Faced with the small number and small scale of enterprises in the field of environmental protection, it is even more urgent to vigorously develop technology-based environmental protection enterprises. The government should strengthen support and policy guidance for the technological advancement of environmental protection enterprises. (1) The fiscal and taxation policies are tilted towards the scientific and technological development of enterprises. If the enterprise's investment and technological development are confirmed through the corresponding supervision and inspection mechanism, then the tax on this investment can be reduced or reduced; if after corresponding demonstration, the enterprise's investment is related to a certain project Technical research can promote the technological progress of the entire industry in the entire region, and then you can obtain preferential loans or even subsidized loans from the government. (2) In the environmental field, set up technology research and development projects for environmental protection enterprises and provide supporting financial guarantees. (3) Select environmental protection enterprises with scale, rich practical experience, and technical research foundation as key support targets to play the best role in a targeted manner.
6.2 Encourage and support scientific and technological research and scientific and technological inventions in environmental protection and pollution control, and strive to transform research results into practical results.
6.3 Strengthen ties and cooperation with other regions and countries. Introduce foreign investment to make up for the current shortage of funds; actively carry out technical exchanges and cooperation with other regions and countries, research and apply new forms of environmental protection concepts and technologies; hire well-known domestic and foreign environmental experts to participate in the city's environmental remediation, development and governance work planning formulation and so on.