What process does an enterprise need to borrow from a bank? What processes should enterprises pay attention to when approving loans?
1. Submit a loan application
If the borrower needs a loan, he should apply directly to the host bank or the agent bank of other banks. The borrower shall fill in the loan application, including the loan amount, loan purpose, repayment ability and repayment method, and provide relevant information.
2. The bank is inspected.
(1) After receiving the loan application form and related materials submitted by the customer, the bank will verify the customer's situation and judge whether it has the conditions to establish a credit relationship according to the bank's loan conditions.
(2) the borrower's credit rating evaluation. According to the borrower's leadership quality, economic strength, capital structure, performance, operating efficiency and development prospects and other factors, to assess the borrower's credit rating. Rating can be carried out by the lender independently and internally, or by an evaluation agency recognized by the competent department.
(3) loan investigation. After accepting the borrower's application, the lender shall investigate the borrower's credit rating and the legality, safety and profitability of the loan, verify the collateral, pledge and guarantor, and determine the loan risk. The examiner verifies and evaluates the information provided by the investigators, re-tests the loan risk, puts forward opinions, and submits them for approval as required.
3. Sign a loan contract
After reviewing the loan application, the bank considers that the borrower meets the loan conditions and agrees to the loan, and signs a loan contract with the borrower. The loan contract shall stipulate the type, purpose, amount, interest rate, term and repayment method of the loan, the rights and obligations of the borrower and the borrower, the liability for breach of contract and other matters that both parties think need to be agreed.
Matters needing attention for enterprises to apply for bank loans:
Enterprise qualification survey: usually, when applying for a loan, the lending institution will investigate the enterprise's own conditions to see whether the enterprise meets the relevant loan conditions, which generally includes enterprise prospects, enterprise income, normal operation of the enterprise, enterprise scale, etc. The main purpose is to judge whether it has strong repayment ability.
Observe the reputation of enterprises: individuals will check their credit records when applying for loans, and enterprises are no exception. For this reason, lending institutions will also require enterprises to have a good reputation to judge their loan qualifications. If the enterprise has a bad reputation, its repayment ability will also be threatened.
Understand the purpose of the loan: Generally speaking, when an enterprise applies for a loan, the lending institution will require the enterprise to earmark the loan funds, which must be used only for the business turnover of the enterprise and not for real estate investment, stock trading, smuggling and other risky purposes. If the enterprise can't use the funds for the specified purpose, the lending institution will refuse the loan.
Operating conditions: Different from personal loans, when an enterprise applies for a loan, the lending institution needs to inspect the operating conditions of the enterprise. If the enterprise is poorly managed and its business is bleak, and the repayment ability is weak in the eyes of the lending institution, even if it applies for a loan, it will be returned to its original shape.
Corporate debt ratio: Although you can apply for a loan again even if you already have a loan burden, if the corporate debt ratio is too high, you need to verify the existing financial risks and repayment ability. Usually, lending institutions will not issue loans easily. According to relevant regulations, an enterprise's asset-liability ratio must be less than 70% to qualify for a loan.
What should enterprises pay attention to when preparing statements when lending to banks? Enterprises should master 14 financial indicators:
(1) financial structure:
1. The ratio of net assets to year-end loan balance must be greater than 100% (real estate enterprises can be greater than 80%); The ratio of net assets to year-end loan balance = year-end loan balance/net assets * 100%, and the ratio of net assets to year-end loan balance is also called the net asset-liability ratio.
2. The asset-liability ratio must be lower than 70%, preferably lower than 55%; Asset-liability ratio = total liabilities/total assets X 100%.
(2) Solvency:
3. Flow ratio150% ~ 200%; Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities * 100%.
4. The quick action ratio is about 100%, and SMEs should be above 80%. Quick ratio = quick assets/current liabilities *100%; Current assets = monetary funds+transactional financial assets+accounts receivable+notes receivable = current assets-inventories-prepayments-non-current assets due within one year-other current assets.
5. The guarantee ratio is less than 0.5.
6. The cash ratio is greater than 30%. Cash ratio = (cash+cash equivalent)/current liabilities.
(3) Cash flow:
7. The net cash flow generated by the business activities of the enterprise should be positive, and the cash withdrawal rate of its sales income should be above 85~95%.
8. When an enterprise pays for purchased goods in business activities, the cash payment rate of labor services should be above 85~95%.
(4) Operating ability:
9. The growth rate of main business income is not less than 8%, indicating that the main business of the enterprise is in the growth stage. If the ratio is less than 5%, it means that the product will enter the end of its life. Growth rate of main business income = (main business income in the current period-main business income in the previous period)/main business income in the previous period * 100%
10, the turnover rate of accounts receivable should be more than six times. Generally speaking, the higher the turnover rate of enterprise accounts receivable, the shorter the average collection period of enterprise accounts receivable, and the faster the speed of fund withdrawal. Turnover speed of accounts receivable (turnover times of accounts receivable) = operating income/average balance of accounts receivable = operating income/(balance of accounts receivable+balance of accounts receivable at the beginning of the year) /2= operating income *2/ (balance of accounts receivable+balance of accounts receivable at the beginning of the year).
1 1, the inventory turnover rate of small and medium-sized enterprises should be more than five times. The faster the inventory turnover rate, the lower the inventory occupancy level and the stronger the liquidity. Inventory turnover speed (times) = operating cost/average inventory balance, in which average inventory balance = (opening inventory+ending inventory) ÷2.
(5) Operating benefits:
12, the operating profit rate should be greater than 8%. Of course, the greater the index value, the stronger the comprehensive profitability of the enterprise. Operating profit rate = operating profit/operating income (commodity sales) × 100% = (sales income-commodity sales cost-management expenses-sales expenses)/sales income × 100%.
13, the return on equity of SMEs should be greater than 5%. Generally speaking, the higher the index value, the higher the return from investment and the higher the income level of shareholders. Return on net assets = net interest rate of total assets × equity multiplier = net operating rate × total assets turnover rate × equity multiplier; Net operating profit margin = net profit ÷ operating income; Total assets turnover rate (times) = operating income ÷ average total assets; Equity multiplier = total assets ÷ total owner's equity = 1÷( 1- asset-liability ratio).
14, and the interest guarantee multiple should be greater than 400%.
Interest guarantee multiple = earnings before interest and tax/interest expense = (total profit+financial expense)/(interest expense in financial expense+capitalized interest).
(two) the main methods and contents of the audit of bank financial accounting statements
The auditing methods of financial accounting statements include the formal auditing of financial accounting statements, the mutual checking relationship between statements, the auditing of important accounting subjects and the auditing of abnormal situations. For consolidated financial and accounting statements, in addition to the above audit, enterprises should also be required to provide financial and accounting statements of headquarters (parent company) and subsidiaries which account for a large proportion of consolidated financial and accounting statements, and conduct audit.
(1), audited in the form of financial accounting statements.
1. Formal audit of audit report.
① Whether the title is "Audit Report";
② Whether the recipient is correct;
(3) Whether there is a signature and seal of a certified public accountant;
(4) Whether the address of the accounting firm is indicated;
⑤ Whether the report date has been signed;
⑥ Whether there is a practice license of accounting firm;
⑦ Whether the audit report is checked correctly;
Today is the standard annual audit report;
Pet-name ruby report content is complete.
2, the audit report audit conclusion
① No reservation;
(2) Unqualified opinions with emphasized paragraphs;
③ Reservation;
(4) unable to express opinions;
⑤ Negative opinions.
3. Formal audit of accounting firms.
(1) punished by the Institute of Certified Public Accountants;
(2) Being punished by the state securities regulatory body.
(3) Having been punished by public security organs such as finance and tax auditing;
(4) Whether the lending bank has provided false audit reports;
⑤ There are other bad records.
4. Formal audit of accounting statements and notes.
(1) Whether the name of the report meets the requirements;
(2) whether the report preparation unit is stamped;
(3) whether the statement is signed and sealed by the preparer, the financial controller and the person in charge of the company;
(4) Whether the balance sheet is based on accounts;
⑤ Whether the income statement is multi-step.
5. Formal audit of capital verification report.
① Whether the title is "Capital Verification Report";
② Whether the recipient is correct;
(3) Whether there is a signature of a certified public accountant;
(4) Whether the address of the accounting firm is indicated;
⑤ Whether the report date has been signed.
6. Formal audit of consolidated accounting statements. Mainly review the following contents:
① Whether it is a summary accounting statement;
② Understand the compilation scope of consolidated statements and review their compliance;
(3) Whether there are merger spreads and minority shareholders' rights and interests in the balance sheet;
(4) Whether there are minority shareholders' equity subjects in the income statement.
(2) Audit of the relationship between financial and accounting statements.
Mainly to review the corresponding relationship between balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and profit distribution statement.
1. Check the relationship between the registered capital in the business license, the actually invested capital in the capital verification report, and the paid-in capital in the balance sheet (except for foreign-invested enterprises approved by relevant departments in China, the paid-in capital is equal to the actually invested capital, which may be less than the registered capital. )
When an enterprise borrows money from a bank, what does an accountant need to do to prepare the information needed by the bank? The bank will give you a list of information, and you just have to prepare it according to the list.
What should be paid attention to in accounting statements when banks lend money?
Usually provide audited accounting statements,
Just find a firm to audit it.
Is enterprise bankruptcy the responsibility of bank loan accountant? As long as the accountant does not misappropriate and use the loan privately, he will not be responsible. Business failure is a problem for business operators.
What should banks pay attention to when lending? Pay attention to whether they can repay in advance and how to repay. How to calculate liquidated damages? Also consider whether to buy wealth management products.
What should I pay attention to when I go to the bank for a loan? First, apply for a loan amount according to your ability;
Second, choose a good loan bank for mortgage;
Third, choose the repayment method that suits you best;
Fourth, the information provided to the bank should be true;
5. Provide my address accurately and timely;
6. Tax refund should be considered when determining the property owner;
7. Repay on time every month to avoid penalty interest.
Loan is a form of credit activity in which banks or other financial institutions lend monetary funds at a certain interest rate and must return them. Loans in a broad sense refer to loans, discounts, overdrafts and other borrowing funds. Banks put concentrated money and monetary funds out through loans, which can meet the needs of social expansion and reproduction and promote economic development; At the same time, banks can also obtain loan interest income and increase their own accumulation.
Enterprises that borrow from banks should pay attention to which fixed assets can be large when preparing statements. The ratio of assets to liabilities shall not be less than 2: 1. It is best not to have figures of long-term deferred expenses. The income statement had better be profitable.