Bank size. This indicator is to evaluate the bank size of a country by counting the number of banks in the world before 1000. In the pursuit of economies of scale, large scale means large market share, which fully reflects the scale and strength of banks. Every year, the evaluation results of the top 1000 banks in the world will be published in Banker magazine in July, which is regarded as the most authoritative strength evaluation by all countries in the world.
Management ability and service quality. Compared with the big international commercial banks, China's commercial banks are relatively backward in business model and service means, and their financial products are single. At present, most commercial banks in China mainly focus on traditional banking services such as general deposits, loans and foreign exchange settlement, and most foreign banks have changed from traditional banking services to modern banking services. In particular, the development of low-risk and high-profit international settlement, investment consulting, family fortune management and other intermediary businesses has become the main source of profits for foreign banks. If foreign banks in China only handle import and export settlement at present and expand to other local and foreign currency settlement businesses like Chinese banks, their technology is advanced, fast and fast, which can attract more settlement business. It can be seen that how the profitability of Chinese banks moves from traditional financial services to modern financial services is a new pressure for Chinese commercial banks. In addition, China's banking industry, especially state-owned commercial banks, has narrow business scope, inflexible capital allocation, backward technology and equipment, and financial innovation is still in its infancy, which can not meet the needs of customers well. Nevertheless, in China, China's commercial banks still have certain advantages over foreign banks, mainly as follows: (1) After years of development, China's commercial banks have integrated their branches by using computer and remote network technology, which makes them have incomparable advantages over foreign banks in cross-regional fund adjustment, information collection and domestic settlement quality. (2) Compared with foreign banks, China's commercial banks are large in scale, which has a great impact on China's economy and basically forms their own fixed customers. Domestic residents also have enough confidence in the safety of China commercial banks, especially state-owned commercial banks. In the long-term cooperation, they have formed a relationship of interdependence, mutual support and intimacy. (3) Chinese commercial banks have a better understanding of China's national conditions and know how to meet the needs of economic development in combination with China's reality. In terms of service quality, China's banking industry has also made great progress. According to a questionnaire survey of tens of thousands of samples by a survey organization, the local banking services in China have been recognized by a considerable number of customers. Among the 20 service industries surveyed, banks were rated as the best service industry, with a vote rate as high as 44%.
Profitability. Profitability refers to the ability of a bank to obtain a corresponding proportion of profits from a certain amount of capital, which is the core index of the bank's operating price and reflects the bank's core competitiveness. The most commonly used indicators to measure the profitability of banks are the average return on assets and the profit rate of capital. (1) Average return on assets. Banks are a special industry dealing in money. Banks use less capital to promote the operation of larger assets, which makes it a high-risk industry. Due to the particularity of the financial industry, the profitability of bank assets is very low, with an average of less than 3%, which reflects the profitability of bank assets. From 1999 to 2002, the average return on assets of several banks in the United States was 1.54%, that of several banks in Europe was 0.82%, and that of several banks in Japan was? The rate of return is 0. 14%, and the average return on assets of the four major state-owned commercial banks in China is 0. 18%. The average return on assets of American banks is the highest in four years, followed by Europe. The return on assets of Japanese banks fluctuates greatly, while the average return on assets of the four major state-owned commercial banks in China is only about 0.2%. Only ljl4 to lj7 of Bank of America, that is, operating the same asset, Bank of America? It can generate 7 ~ 14 yuan, while China's state-owned commercial banks can only generate 1 yuan. It can be seen that although the total assets of state-owned commercial banks are huge, their quality is poor and their profitability is low. (2) Return on capital. This index reflects the size of capital profitability, that is, how much profit can be obtained per 100 yuan of capital. The more profits are realized, the stronger the capital profitability, and the higher the capital profitability. 1999-2002, how many banks were there in the United States? The average rate of return on capital is 26.2%, that of several European banks is 22.2%, that of several Japanese banks is -4.9% and that of the four major state-owned commercial banks in China is 4.4%.
Non-performing loan ratio. Non-performing assets of banks refer to assets that are more easily lost than normal assets. The ratio of non-performing assets to normal assets of banks is the ratio of non-performing assets of banks. 1999 to 2002, the average non-performing rate was 1.44% in the United States, 3.49% in Europe, 5.40% in Japan and 18.6438+09% in China. Non-performing assets have a serious impact on the development of banks: first, the higher the proportion of non-performing assets, the lower the liquidity of assets, the imbalance of income and expenditure, which will seriously lead to a payment crisis; Second, the higher the proportion of non-performing assets, the more funds used, the less funds available for loans, the less sources of interest and profits, and even losses, leading to bank crisis and reducing the competitiveness of banks. Compared with the world's large commercial banks, China's state-owned commercial banks have greater operational risks and weaker competitiveness, so they will face severe challenges.
Human resources. In modern competition, the talent advantage and incentive intensity in economic organizations are very important. High-quality financial talents have become one of the key factors for commercial banks to improve their competitiveness. However, China's banking industry is seriously short of senior technical talents and management talents who understand financial engineering and are familiar with various asset pricing models. Judging from the proportion of high-level talents, the proportion of graduate students in state-owned commercial banks is less than 1%. Comparatively speaking, the situation of emerging commercial banks in China is better, but compared with foreign banks, there is still a big gap in China's banking industry. Foreign banks entering China attach great importance to the selection of talents. In order to carry out business, they often attract the best management talents and high-quality employees with very generous wages, benefits and treatment. The management efficiency produced by the comprehensive quality of these talents is incalculable. However, the huge staff of state-owned commercial banks has exerted great pressure on the total cost of wages and benefits, which makes it possible to balance the interests of all parties with a lower average treatment, and the result is bound to be brain drain.
The above points can basically analyze the competitiveness of banks.