Then, under the endless exploitation of your government group, is the situation of the people almost the same? Seven deaths and no life? . What followed was that the social contradictions and class contradictions in the Western Han Dynasty began to become increasingly severe, and peasant uprisings began to occur one after another. Hong Jia for three years? More than 60 people, including Gong Zheng, a Guanghan, tackled key problems, usurped prisoners and stole soldiers from the library, calling themselves the Mountain Army. ? ; Hongjia four years? Guanghan's equal party and Baptist Guang committed crimes in four counties, with thousands of people? ; Three years? The Wei family conspired with thirteen people, including Fan Li, to kill the satrap Liu Chen, rob a few officials and people and call themselves generals? ; Three years? Two hundred and twenty-eight men, such as Tieguan and Su Ling, attacked and killed the officers, stole the soldiers from the library, and claimed to be generals. In the nineteenth year of the reign of the county, they killed the prefect and a captain in Runan. .
It can be said that since Yuan Di, the peasant uprisings in the Western Han Dynasty have intensified, one after another and never stopped. The rule of the Western Han Dynasty began to shake because of the uninterrupted peasant uprising. Finally, in AD 8, the corrupt Western Han Dynasty was replaced by Wang Mang's new dynasty, and the Western Han Dynasty, which enjoyed the country for 2 10, came to an end.
But because the new dynasty completely inherited the bureaucratic system and political system when the Western Han Dynasty was established, it can even be said that there was a new emperor, and nothing else has changed. Therefore, although the Western Han Dynasty perished, various social problems did not disappear at this time, but became more serious. For Wang Mang, the most important thing to do at this time is to solve these existing and increasingly serious social problems. In other words, the first thing Wang Mang did when he first boarded Dabao was to carry out the New Deal throughout the country and restore people's trust in the court by various measures to benefit the people, thus stabilizing the world of the new dynasty. And this is famous for later generations? Wang Mang reorganized? .
Wang Mang reorganized? It was a comprehensive social reform carried out nationwide by Wang Mang after the establishment of the New Dynasty, including land reform, official system reform, monetary system reform and commercial reform. The purpose of Wang Mang's reform is to thoroughly solve the increasing social problems since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, such as serious land annexation, increasing number of refugees and slaves, and the collapse of economic system. And finally let the new dynasty become the one recorded in the Book of Rites? Datong society? ：
The trip to the avenue is also for the public, choosing talents and talents, and honesty. An old friend is not only a relative, but also an only child, so that he can get a proper old age, be useful to the young, be widowed, lonely and disabled, with one for men and one for women. If the goods are abandoned on the ground, there is no need to hide them on yourself; You don't have to do it for yourself. Therefore, it is called "Datong" to seek closure but not prosperity, and thieves do not do it, so leaving the house is not sealed. ?
What I want to talk about today is a brand-new policy implemented by Wang Mang in the process of reforming business, right? Five-link system ? Five averages? Does this word come from Yi? From The Big Party? The five cities in the city seem to be one city earlier and one city later. If you send me, you won't be able to save the poor. Dr. Kong Chao, a scholar of the Five Classics in the Western Jin Dynasty, once wrote here? Even, even. What is the price? . What can we learn from it? The five-link system is actually a policy to control commodity trade and prices.
Two years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, in Liu Xin? Zhou Youquan, the official government, refused to accept it and wanted it, that is, the so-called "Yi"? It's right to manage money. Don't let people do anything wrong? who is it? (meaning? In the Zhou dynasty, there was a spring official who was mainly responsible for buying unsalable goods in the market and then giving them what they wanted in the form of parity, which is easy to say? Manage wealth and goods with correct rhetoric and prohibit people from doing evil? ), follwed in this year promulgated the imperial edict of the five armies:? Husband's "Zhou Li" has credit and loans, and "Yu Yue" has five averages, and his biography is different. Nowadays, credit loans have been opened, and Zhang He has established various models. Therefore, everyone is at peace and both are restrained. ? (meaning? From now on, I will open credit loans and implement the "five grades" policy, so as to unite the people, curb mergers and stabilize the political power? )。
With Wang Mang? Five averages? With the promulgation of the new law, six cities including Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu have successively established new dynasties? What about the five officers? . At the same time, the original Chang 'an East-West City Order and the mayors of Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu were renamed as? Wujun Temple City Division? , and change the city names of these six cities, among which? Dongcheng is called Beijing, Xicheng is called Ji, Luoyang is called Zhong, and the other four cities are called East, West, South and North respectively? , that is, Chang' an East City said? Chang' an capital? Chang' an Xicheng said? Chang' an Yucheng? Luoyang city said? Luoyang city? Handan city said? Handan East City? Linyi city said? Linzi Xicheng? , shiwan said? Weinan city? Chengdu said? Chengdu North City? .
Besides, each one? Wujun Temple City Division? Five traders and one Qian Fucheng, in which the trader is in charge of trade and is responsible for balancing prices; Qian Fucheng is in charge of money, responsible for collecting taxes and issuing credit loans. Do you understand now? After the specific executive organs and corresponding official positions of the five-link system, let's learn more about it. The five-company system has its specific contents.
The specific contents of the five-link system are as follows:
1. Evaluate the price. ? Four cities are always in their hands, they are the best in the world, and each one is used at its own market level, so there is no need to detain it. ? That is to say, the commodity transaction prices in the middle months (February, May, August,165438+1October) should be counted in every season. Then on the basis of this price, the trading company needs to work out three prices according to the quality of this commodity. Of course, these three prices will be fine-tuned according to the actual situation every season. After that, these three prices are the standard prices of goods here. If they exceed this standard price, Cheng will be responsible for adjusting them.
2. Balance the price. ? All people who buy and sell civilian grain, cloth, silk and cotton, if they don't sell it, officials should check the facts and take it with their own money, without having to discount it. Everything is expensive. If you pay a uniform price, you will sell it to the people. Not as good as others, listen to people and listen to the market, in case it is expensive. ? That is, if food, silk, cotton and other necessities on the market are unsalable, local vendors will come forward to buy these unsalable goods at a fair price, thus reducing the losses of the people and small and medium-sized businesses to a certain extent.
At the same time, if the price of a commodity exceeds the previously set standard price, then traders need to buy these out-of-range high-priced commodities at the standard price from those businessmen who intend to hoard and profiteer, and then resell them to the people at the standard price to prevent them from appearing? Is it expensive or hurtful? Situation. Of course, if a commodity is below the standard price, but it is not unsalable, then the vendor can let it develop without intervention to prevent the hoarding behavior of the merchant.
3. Credit. At that time? Wujun Temple City Division? There are two main types of loans that can be issued. One? It's useless for people to sacrifice for losing discipline. The bank will pay tribute to the industry and commerce, but it will not last for ten days, and the violation of discipline will not last for March. ? That is, if ordinary people can't hold sacrifices or funerals because they have no money, they can borrow money from Qian Fucheng. Among them, the sacrifice loan needs to be returned within 10 days, and the funeral loan needs to be returned within 3 months. Of course, if the people return it on time during this period, they don't need to pay any interest, just return the principal. On the other hand, if there is delay, the court will give corresponding punishment according to the actual situation, ranging from fine to imprisonment.
Second? People are still in short supply. It is natural for anyone who wants to borrow money to manage the industry. Apart from their expenses, interest is also counted, and it does not exceed 1 1 year. That is, if someone wants to engage in production and business activities, but lacks funds, they can also borrow money from Qian Fucheng. However, this kind of loan is different from the loan used for sacrificial ceremonies and funeral ceremonies, and it has to pay interest. Of course, this interest is not too much, and it will not exceed one tenth of its total annual profit at most. At the same time, if the loan is not repaid, it will be punished by imprisonment.
4. control the raw materials that make money. ? Those who can collect gold, silver, copper, tin, tortoise shells from industry and commerce all occupy the banks of the city and keep pace with the times. In other words, merchants who mine gold, silver, copper, tin and tortoise shells are not allowed to sell these profitable raw materials to private individuals, but only to the court. And truthfully report the mining quantity to Qian Fucheng every day. Of course, don't be afraid of unsalable sales. After Qian Fucheng knows the corresponding mining quantity, he will come forward to buy these raw materials in time.
That's it? The basic content of the five-link system. Really? To put it bluntly, the five-link system is two cores. One is? City level? And the second one is? Level? In other words, the imperial court set the standard prices of commodities in various regional markets. Once the standard price is exceeded, the court needs to intervene. One is to buy high-priced goods from merchants who hoard goods at pre-set standard prices by compulsory means, and then sell them to ordinary people at standard prices.
Of course, we need to know about the new dynasty? Level? Although it appeared as early as the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was two completely different policies. What did Sang Hongyang do during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? Leveling method? What is it about? Sell if it's expensive and buy if it's cheap? That is, when the commodity price is low, the court will buy in large quantities to indirectly raise the commodity price; When the commodity price is too high, the court will sell it in large quantities, thus indirectly lowering the commodity price. It can be said that sang Hongyang's? Leveling method? It is carried out on the premise of not interfering with normal market transactions, and mainly achieves the purpose of stabilizing prices by adjusting supply and demand.
But what did follwed do? Level? That's not the case at all. Wang mang's? Level? It is carried out on the premise of setting a standard price for the market, that is, the price of goods is not determined by the market itself, but by the court. Then, when the commodity appears higher than this standard price, the court will use compulsory means to buy these high-priced commodities at the standard price and then sell them to the people at the standard price. To tell the truth, this method actually gives corrupt bureaucrats the opportunity to corrupt and exploit the people. After all, the power to evaluate prices at that time was in the hands of the "five officials." It can be said that the "five average officials" can decide whatever they want, and this defect has also become the main reason for the failure of the "five average system" in the future.
But if the defects mentioned just now are eliminated, what about the content only? In other words, the five-link system is indeed a very good policy, and its core content is to consider the interests of the bottom people. First of all, the court will evaluate the price, which can well prevent those expensive government groups from taking the opportunity to manipulate the commodity prices in the market and then robbing the people of their wealth in the form of raising prices. After all, the standard price stipulated by the imperial court is there, and you can only increase the price within this standard price range. And the obvious advantage of doing so is that it can be avoided? Is it expensive or hurtful? Situation, because only in this way can people buy cheap goods in famine and good years, and only in this way can they live well.
Of course, the standard price stipulated by the imperial court is only a reference, not a real law. If Guifu Group insists on raising prices, it can't be stopped. And the court also considered this, so follwed handed over the affairs to Cheng? Balance the price? Power means that once the price of commodities in the market is higher than the standard price, the traders will buy these commodities from the merchants who deliberately hoard these commodities in the name of the imperial court at the standard price, and then after the acquisition is completed, the traders will resell these originally high-priced commodities to the people at the standard price, thus achieving the purpose of stabilizing prices.
However, compulsory measures are only aimed at Guifu Group. If what people want to sell is unsalable, Wang Mang will buy it from these people at a reasonable price, so as to avoid the loss of people's interests. At the same time? In the past, Wang Mang also gave some help to people in financial difficulties in funeral and sacrifice. At that time, as long as the people in these two places had no money, he could ask? Wujun Temple City Division? Qian Fucheng applied for an interest-free loan. For sacrifice, the principal can be repaid within 10 days, while for funeral, the principal can only be repaid within 3 months.
Some people here may ask, why does Wang Mang give special preferential treatment to people with financial problems just in funeral and sacrifice? In fact, the reason is very simple, because Wang Mang's restructuring is almost modeled after Zhou Li's, and Zhou Li's most important thing is sacrifice, so Wang Mang has given the people corresponding convenience in these two aspects. Of course, in terms of credit loans, Wang Mang also gives corresponding convenience to people who want to start their own businesses. If they don't have the money to start a business, they can go to the government for a loan, and the interest is only one tenth of the annual profit at most, and they don't have to pay interest after paying the principal.
From the above, we can see what follwed did. The original intention of the five-link system is good, and all policies can be said to be? People-oriented, think for the people and do for the people? What Wang Mang hopes is this policy, which will curb the exploitation of the people by powerful people and make the people live a better life. But in practice,? The effect of the five-link system is counterproductive. Not because the system is getting better and better, people appear? People are crying in the street? Such a tragic situation.
The reason for this situation lies in Wang Mang himself, who wants the people to live a better life. Although follwed was established at that time? Wujun Temple City Division? This department, which is used to control prices, has not established a system to supervise it, resulting in almost no one in charge of this department. Plus follwed in the appointment? Five officials? There is another problem of improper employment in the world, and he was appointed at that time? Five officials? Almost all the records in Hanshu Shihuozhi are big businessmen? Xi life satrap five generals six models, there are several people in the county, all with Fu Jia. You said that it is feasible to use businessmen to curb the exploitation of people by other businessmen. Of course not, as the ancients said? Do merchants accumulate more goods for profit? .
That's it? The defects of the five-link system's own supervision system eventually lead to? Because of adultery with counties and counties, there are many empty books, the politics are not true, and the people are sick? This situation. These behaviors? Five officials? Almost on arrival, some businessmen colluded with local officials. They colluded in secret, used their power to buy monetary raw materials, made financial fraud, and lost a lot of public funds. At the same time, he began to manipulate local prices by virtue of his price evaluation power, thus "justifiably" gaining huge wealth in the hands of the people.
That's right. It turns out that Wang Mang introduced this system to let people buy cheap goods, so as to avoid it? Is it expensive or hurtful? But in fact, due to Wang Mang's improper employment, there are more or less defects in this system, which have not made people's lives better, but caused? Civil unrest, bad goods? The situation, the life of the people is worse than that of the late Western Han Dynasty, and because of this, it finally laid a hidden danger for the demise of the new dynasty in the future.