The simple and popular understanding of loan is to borrow money with interest.
Loan is a form of credit activity in which banks or other financial institutions lend monetary funds at a certain interest rate and must return them. Loans in a broad sense refer to loans, discounts, overdrafts and other borrowing funds. Banks put concentrated money and monetary funds out through loans, which can meet the needs of social expansion and reproduction and promote economic development. At the same time, banks can also obtain loan interest income and increase their own accumulation.
The "three principles" refer to safety, liquidity and efficiency, and are the fundamental principles of commercial banks' loan operation. Article 4 of People's Republic of China (PRC) Commercial Bank Law stipulates: "Commercial banks should operate independently, bear their own risks, be responsible for their own profits and losses, and be self-disciplined, and take safety, liquidity and efficiency as their operating principles."
1, loan security is the primary problem faced by commercial banks;
2. Liquidity refers to the ability to recover the loan within a predetermined period or realize it quickly without loss of land, so as to meet the needs of customers to withdraw deposits at any time;
3. Efficiency is the basis of sustainable operation of banks.
For example, if a long-term loan is issued, the interest rate will be higher than that of a short-term loan, and the benefit will be good. However, if the loan term is long, the risk will increase, the security will decrease and the liquidity will weaken. Therefore, the "three natures" should be harmonious, so that there can be no problem with the loan.
(1) interest rate
The proportion of interest in the total loan funds within a certain period is the manifestation of the loan price. Namely: interest rate = interest amount/loan principal.
Interest rates are divided into daily interest rates, monthly interest rates and annual interest rates.
The lender determines the loan interest rate with the lending bank according to the benchmark interest rate and interest rate floating space announced by relevant laws and regulations of various countries.
(2) benchmark interest rate
The benchmark interest rate is a universal reference interest rate in the financial market, and other interest rate levels or financial asset prices can be determined according to this benchmark interest rate level. Benchmark interest rate is one of the important prerequisites for interest rate marketization. Under the condition of interest rate marketization, financiers measure financing costs, investors calculate investment returns, and management regulates macroeconomics. Objectively, a universally recognized benchmark interest rate level is needed as a reference. Therefore, in a sense, the benchmark interest rate is the core of the formation of interest rate marketization mechanism.