Risk 1: credit and moral hazard that is difficult to be caused by pre-loan investigation and evaluation.
Mainly manifested in: First, because forest resources are a special resource asset, and forest areas are generally remote, inconvenient in transportation, vast in land and sparsely populated, which brings great difficulties to the pre-lending investigation of financial institutions. For example, Zeng only has a loan of 3 million yuan, and the collateral is a forest farm with an area of 79 14 mu. It is quite difficult to accurately verify the value of the collateral. It is easy to make it difficult for borrowers to accurately understand the forest land area by using credit personnel, artificially expand the forest land area or increase the value of collateral, resulting in financial institutions unable to reasonably determine the mortgage ratio of collateral, weakening the ability to mitigate loan risks and increasing the potential credit risk of loans. Second, financial institutions are short of forestry assessment professionals and do not understand the growth cycle and economic value of trees. Generally, the value of collateral is entrusted to an appraisal institution, which is prone to collusion between borrowers and appraisal institutions or collusion between borrowers and credit personnel, artificially increasing the value of collateral and leading to moral hazard. Third, although the forestry department undertakes the value evaluation of forest property collateral, due to the lack of funds, evaluation standards and professional technicians, and the lack of professional forest assets evaluation team, it is easy to lead to improper evaluation, thus increasing the credit risk of loans.
Risk 2: Legal risk caused by imperfect service support system.
Mainly manifested in: First, the operation process of forest right mortgage is unclear, and the forestry department has not formed a standardized forest right mortgage registration management system and a unified forest right mortgage registration evaluation procedure, thus affecting the business development process of forest right mortgage loans. Second, the issuance of forest right certificates and the management of mortgage registration are not standardized. On the one hand, there is "one forest and many certificates" in the issuance of forest property right certificates, that is, the old and new certificates coexist at the same time. On the other hand, taking the forest right certificate handled before the forest reform as collateral, because the mortgage registration management is not standardized, it is easy to cause multiple mortgages or mortgaged forest land circulation. Third, the forestry department lacks information sharing mechanism, and the information about forest property rights archives information inquiry, forest farm organization form, shareholder distribution publicity, market price and other forest products related supply and demand, transaction information consultation and management is incomplete, which is easy to lead to behavioral disputes such as lending and guarantee. For example, the forest farm that was used as collateral in the loan actually has several partners, and it exists in the form of dark shares. This situation is not registered in the forestry department, which makes it impossible for rural credit cooperatives to fully identify the owner. Fourth, the circulation mechanism of forest right disposal is not perfect, which increases the concerns of banking financial institutions in issuing forest right mortgage loans. For example, at present, there are no forest right trading centers in the forestry departments of Shaoguan counties. Once the borrower can't repay the loan on time, the forest right mortgage loan is risky, and there is a lack of a good trading platform for forest resources, which makes it difficult for financial institutions to auction and dispose of forest resources, and it is difficult to guarantee the security and liquidity of credit funds.
Risk 3: Market risk caused by post-loan management difficulties.
The main performance: First, it is difficult to monitor the borrower's capital withdrawal. For example, according to some rural credit cooperatives, although borrowers can only obtain logging indicators through rural credit cooperatives, it is difficult for rural credit cooperatives to monitor the withdrawal of funds. In addition, the borrower's excessive logging index and illegal logging of trees also seriously affect the monitoring of funds by rural credit cooperatives. Second, the management of collateral is difficult. The main reason is that the risk of forest resources assets as collateral being stolen by people is high. Forest areas are generally located in remote areas, with inconvenient transportation and sparse population, which makes forest management difficult. In addition, some villagers around are indifferent to the concept of legal system, and illegal logging occurs from time to time. According to the investigation, after entering the litigation procedure, Shixing County Union hired local village cadres to assist in the management of loan collateral because the litigation time span was as long as 14 months, which increased the cost of preservation. Third, the transfer mechanism of forest right disposal is not perfect, which increases the difficulty of realizing asset disposal. At present, the storage center has not been fully established. Once financial institutions are faced with the problem of collateral disposal, they need to go through a series of procedures such as logging indicators, auction, sale and litigation. If the mortgaged trees can't get the logging approval, the mortgage can't be realized, and there are certain risks in realizing the mortgage.
Risk 4: Compensation risk caused by imperfect risk guarantee system.
Main manifestations: First, the insurance system is not perfect. Due to the influence of many natural disasters and man-made disasters in the process of forest resources management, such as snow disaster, fire, flood, debris flow, pests and diseases, once it happens, it is often devastating, causing huge economic losses and leading financial institutions to lose control of collateral. However, because forest insurance has the characteristics of high premium, high insured amount and high cost, only a few insurance companies try to get involved in forest insurance at present, which leads to imperfect risk protection of forest right mortgage loan. For example, if Zeng's forest right is mortgaged 3 million yuan, the insurance rate is 1.3%. Because there is a deductible of 200 mu, according to the coefficient of 1.5, the annual insurance premium needs 58,000 yuan. Second, even if the insurance is handled, the insurance coverage is single and the risk coverage rate is low, which easily leads to the suspension of loan claims. For example, the insurance coverage of the loan was only forest fire, which could not cover natural disasters such as pests, diseases and frost. Because of the long growth cycle of trees, they are easily affected by natural disasters such as fire, frost, pests and diseases, and the losses are unpredictable, which easily leads to the suspension of bank collateral and compensation risks.
How to prevent the risk of forest right mortgage loan
(1) further standardize the credit behavior of financial institutions and strengthen risk management.
First, strengthen the summary and research of forest right mortgage loan management, and improve and perfect the management methods and operation procedures of forest right mortgage loan. Establish and improve various rules and regulations, and strictly issue procedures for forest right mortgage loans. The second is to strengthen the training of forestry knowledge for credit personnel, adapt to the new business needs, do a good job in forest right investigation and avoid blind obedience. The third is to establish a loan risk management mechanism and strengthen the prevention and control of forest right mortgage loan risk points. Lending in strict accordance with the principle of territoriality; Strictly monitor the use of credit funds according to the agreed purposes; Emphasize all-round due diligence of loan officers. Fourth, according to the characteristics of forest resources, further strengthen the "three inspections" of loans. Before lending, investigators must strictly investigate the real legality of the mortgaged forest right to ensure that the ownership of the mortgaged forest right is uncontroversial; Post-lending management personnel should strengthen post-lending inspection, at least once every quarter, conduct on-site inspection and take photos of young or middle-aged forests, strengthen on-site investigation of mature forests and inquire the competent forestry authorities whether there is illegal logging or illegal logging without the approval of credit cooperatives to ensure the security of mortgaged forest rights.
(two) to further establish and improve the service supporting system, increase support.
First, establish a long-term working mechanism among local governments, forestry departments, financial institutions and forest farmers, solve the problems existing in the process of forest right reform and forest right mortgage loan development through consultation, and prevent loan risks. Second, it is suggested that the government and forestry authorities should speed up the construction of supporting systems for forest right transfer market, such as forest right trading market, forest right resource evaluation, guarantee and reserve, so as to provide effective market guarantee for financing of forest enterprises, farmers and banking financial institutions. Thirdly, it is suggested that financial institutions and forestry authorities should establish an effective cooperation mechanism between banks and forests to provide convenient and fast "one-stop" services. Reasonably expand the approval authority of forestry credit and the management authority of branches in key forestry counties, simplify the approval procedures, promote convenient and fast "one-stop" financial services, explore the office forms of forestry, finance, resources and assets evaluation and other departments, and improve the efficiency of forestry loan processing.
(3) Further improve the management measures of forest right mortgage loan and promote the development of forest right mortgage business.
First, appropriate decentralization of loan approval authority, reduction of approval links, reasonable simplification of loan procedures, improvement of loan efficiency, and provision of convenient and efficient credit services for forest farmers. The second is to rationally price credit varieties and scientifically adjust loan interest rates. The interest rate of forest right mortgage loan is implemented with reference to the interest rate of rural microfinance, which reduces the financing cost of forest farmers. Third, according to the different uses of forest right mortgage loan, determine the loan term that conforms to the characteristics of forestry production and operation, and do a good job of renewing the loan according to the actual situation. Due to the non-one-time acquisition of forestry industry income, the repayment method can be phased and proportional, reducing the pressure on forest farmers to repay loans.
(four) to further improve the insurance system, improve the risk compensation mechanism.
First, actively explore the development of forest insurance and establish a disaster compensation mechanism. In view of the possible risks of forest asset mortgage loan, the government should encourage and guide insurance institutions to carry out forest resource asset insurance business and establish disaster compensation mechanism. Establish a reasonable premium standard and compensation standard for forest assets insurance, carry out forest fire, frost disaster, pests and diseases insurance, reduce the loan risk of financial sector, form a multi-level forest disaster risk transfer and sharing mechanism, and promote the development of forest insurance business. Second, it is suggested that the relevant departments should strengthen communication and coordination with the insurance department, reduce the insurance premium rate, reduce the burden on borrowers and accelerate the development of forest right mortgage loans under the premise of controllable risks.