What risks should enterprises consider when preparing bank loans are as follows:
1, unable to repay normally.
Non-repayment of loans means that after taking all possible legal measures and all necessary legal procedures, the principal and interest of commercial banks cannot be recovered or only a small part can be recovered.
2. Mortgage cannot be realized.
Mortgage can't be realized, that is, mortgage can't be realized. It means that when the creditor's rights secured by the mortgaged property have expired and the debtor fails to perform the debt, the mortgage can't be exercised because the collateral is damaged or seriously missing, and the debtor's illegal behavior leads to the confiscation or requisition of the collateral, and the mortgage is invalid or revoked.
3. The promise cannot be fulfilled.
Pledge can't be realized means that the creditor's rights have not been paid off due to maturity, and the creditor can't exercise the pledge right or the pledge is lost because the pledge is damaged, lost or returned to the pledgee.
4. Ensure the virtual home
Guarantee means that a third party other than the debtor promises to the creditor that when the debtor fails to perform the debt, the third party will perform or bear joint liability on his behalf. False guarantee is because the guarantor's qualification is unqualified, which makes the guarantee untenable, or the guarantor has no ability, that is, there is not enough property guarantee to perform when the debtor fails to perform the debt, which makes the guarantee a mere formality.
5. The guarantee is invalid
Guarantee refers to a legal system or legal measure stipulated by law or agreed by the parties to ensure the performance of debts and the realization of creditor's rights. Invalid guarantee means that the guarantee loses its legal effect or is revoked by the competent authority because the guarantor's subject qualification is unqualified or the guarantee content is illegal.
When an enterprise chooses a bank, it is important to choose the appropriate type, borrowing cost and borrowing conditions. In addition, it should also avoid risks from the following aspects:
1. Banks have different policies on their loan risks, and some tend to be conservative and are only willing to bear smaller loan risks; Some are pioneering and dare to take on greater loan risks.
2. Bank's attitude towards enterprises: Different banks have different attitudes towards enterprises. Some banks are willing to actively provide advice to enterprises, help analyze the potential capital problems of enterprises, and provide good services, and are willing to issue a large number of loans to enterprises with development potential to help enterprises tide over difficulties when they encounter difficulties; Some banks rarely provide consulting services, and when they encounter difficulties, they put pressure on enterprises to pay off their loans.
3. Special procedures for loans: Some big banks have different specialized departments to handle loans of different types and industries. Enterprises will benefit more from cooperation with these banks with rich professional loan experience.
4. Stability of banks: A stable bank can guarantee that the loans of enterprises will not change in the middle. The stability of a bank depends on its capital scale, fluctuation of deposit level and deposit structure. Generally speaking, the capital is abundant, the fluctuation of deposit level is small, and the stability of time deposits is better than that of major banks, and vice versa.
What are the risks of car loan? Introduction of automobile loan risk
Guide: What are the risks of auto loans? Introduction of automobile loan risk
Automobile is an important mode of transportation in people's life now, so buying a car has become an important thing in people's life. Among some people who want to buy a car, there are still some phenomena that they can't afford it, so people also have a certain measure between the full amount and the loan. Nowadays, many people choose loans. Let me introduce the risks of buying a car with loans. Let's have a look.
1. Introduce a competitive mechanism and actively cooperate with many insurance companies and distributors.
In the early days of auto loan business, most of the loan customers came from the joint promotion of insurance companies and auto dealers. Out of trust in insurance companies and distributors, some banks once ignored the direct investigation of loan customers. Moreover, due to the uneven credit status of auto dealers, there is no joint responsibility in all aspects of auto loan business cooperation, which creates opportunities for dealers to introduce customers to ABC unprincipled, and also introduces some customers who do not have economic strength to banks, laying a hidden danger for the timely recovery of bank auto loans. In the cooperation between banks and insurance companies, the object of "bank-insurance cooperation" is single, and most of the car loan business they do is cooperation with local "PICC". This kind of business cooperation is almost unique, which leads to the excessive dependence of banks on insurance companies in the process of business development and loan recovery. If insurance companies can't settle claims in time, it will directly lead to the increase of non-performing loans of banks, which is also one of the basic reasons for the formation of non-performing loans of banks. Therefore, only by introducing competition mechanism, insisting on cooperating with many insurance companies, and carefully selecting and clearing the cooperative automobile dealers according to the credit status can we create a good business cooperation environment for the healthy development of automobile loan business, completely change the passive situation of banks in business cooperation, and grasp the initiative of work.
2. Establish a "car loan deposit" system through "tripartite" negotiation.
When signing tripartite cooperation agreements with insurance companies and dealers, banks must clarify their respective responsibilities and obligations and safeguard their interests by implementing the "car loan deposit" system. As a lending bank, we must do a good job in pre-lending investigation of customers to lay the foundation for the safety of credit funds. For non-performing loans, it is not only the need of insurance claims, but also the responsibility of banks themselves. In addition to participating in the borrower's credit investigation, the insurance company must also promise to bear the liability for breach of contract compensation for the borrower's outstanding loans for more than three periods. In order to ensure the timely payment of non-performing loans, banks must require insurance companies to open a special account for "auto loan default compensation deposit" in the bank, maintain a certain amount of deposit, and timely deduct more than three outstanding loans from the account. If the insurance company fails to make up the balance of the special account in time and in full, it will continue its business cooperation after making up the balance. Automobile dealers, as vehicle suppliers, must bear certain responsibilities for customer credit and take full responsibility for vehicle quality. In order to ensure the smooth development of the business, dealers must be required to open a special account of "car loan vehicle quality deposit" in the bank, and deposits received will be used according to a certain proportion of the number of cars sold for the repurchase of problem vehicles and the deduction of non-performing loans caused by car quality problems.
3. Carefully select loan targets and implement the "account manager commitment" system.
It is the premise and foundation to prevent risks and ensure the safety of loans to correctly choose the object of automobile loans and strictly control the access of customers from the source. In order to strengthen the pre-loan investigation and ensure the quality of customers, banks can establish and improve the system of "commitment letter of responsible person", requiring account managers to classify customers according to their income level, operating conditions, industry risks, especially credit degree, as the main basis for determining whether to issue loans, whether to apply for performance bond insurance and what kind of guarantee methods to adopt. When issuing loans, account managers sign a "commitment letter of loan responsibility" to implement the relevant responsibilities of each loan to people and wages.
4. Clarify the insurance clauses and improve the loan procedures.
Automobile loan performance guarantee insurance is an insurance business of insurance companies, and "exemption clause" is an important part of it. The insurance clauses have strict requirements on the liability of the insured (borrower), the insured (loan bank) and the vehicle quality (provided by the dealer). A little careless loan operation will lead to invalid insurance, that is, "exemption from insurance liability" Automobile loan performance guarantee insurance is not "complete insurance" in the true sense. Therefore, banks should improve the loan operation procedures on the basis of correctly understanding the insurance clauses. First, in accordance with the requirements of insurance clauses, we should conscientiously improve the investigation and approval procedures for loans; The second is to review the vehicles provided by car dealers and strictly control the quality; The third is to ensure the continuity of motor vehicle insurance within the loan period, requiring borrowers to handle all insurance at one time according to the loan period, and the insurance period shall not be shortened; Fourth, when modifying or changing the loan contract and insurance policy, the written consent of the insurance company must be obtained, and an "approval form for insurance business change" must be issued.
5. Change the loan method and actively offer "direct customer" loan business.
The "direct customer" car loan business has the remarkable characteristics of flexible car purchase methods and diverse guarantee methods. Banks should gradually change from the passive operation mode of "indirect customers" in which car dealers introduce customers to banks to apply for loans to the active operation mode of "direct customers" in which customers first look for banks to buy cars. Through "direct customer" marketing, we will further expand the scope of loan targets, reduce the cost of car purchase for customers, improve the efficiency of loan handling, enhance the brand awareness of bank car loans and enhance the competitiveness of the same industry. By adopting various guarantee methods such as housing mortgage, new car mortgage and third-party guarantee, we will gradually change the situation of relying solely on performance guarantee insurance of insurance companies to handle business, spread the risk of automobile loan, and gradually change the loan mode from large trucks to taxis, passenger cars and family cars, thus continuously reducing the risk of automobile loan.
Buying a car with a loan is one of the means for modern people to buy a car, but it does have certain risks. There is no bank interest rate for buying a car in full, but it takes up a lot of personal funds at one time. If you have plenty of money, this is the way to spend the least. But if the car loan needs to occupy most of your current funds, then the loan can solve the current financial difficulties and have little impact on your life. I hope you like everything I shared about the risk of car loan.
@20 19
What are the high-risk industries in the bank credit system? Thank you.
There are high-risk industries in the bank credit system;
1. The high-risk industries are generally as follows:
2. Financial industry;
3. Building materials industry;
4. Industries with high energy consumption and high pollution;
5. Real estate related industries;
6. Bulk material industry;
7. Other sunset industries, etc.
8. Shipping and so on.
It is classified as a high-risk industry, and the industry is not generalized, focusing on assets, liabilities and income.
Credit risk control goal: one-way utility. Security is the premise and goal of bank loan business, but this kind of security is conducive to business development and income expansion, not without paying attention to the security of income, not without risk or low risk of negative income.
In recent years, the credit risk awareness of China's commercial banks has been significantly enhanced, and most banking institutions pay more attention to credit risk control in the process of credit management. However, most banking institutions cannot properly handle the relationship between business development and risk control, and often choose one-way between business development and risk control. Some branches unilaterally pursue the quality of credit assets and mechanically pursue zero non-performing loans, which leads to the continuous shrinkage of credit business and low operating efficiency, which further restricts the improvement of credit asset quality and causes a vicious circle among credit asset quality, business development and operating efficiency.
Of course, it does not rule out that some sub-branches still go their own way, ignore the risk of credit assets and blindly issue loans in order to achieve immediate deposit and profit goals and improve their work performance, resulting in non-performing loans at the same time of collection, divestiture and write-off, and the non-performing loan rate remains high. The main reason lies in the lack of the idea of integrated management of credit risk and income in thought and the lack of the mechanism of integrated management of credit risk and income in action.
Quality of credit risk control: Is zero risk the best? If it is purely from the safety principle, then zero risk is of course the best state of credit risk control quality, which is beyond doubt. However, maximizing benefits is the ultimate goal pursued by banks and the starting point and destination of development and security. Income and risk are two sides of the same thing, which are contradictory and must be unified.
In the real monetary and credit economic activities, the credit business of commercial banks is always accompanied by risks, and the operation of credit funds cannot be absolutely zero risk, but only relatively low risk. No matter what mechanism or measure is adopted, its function is only to reduce, control and prevent risks, and it is impossible to avoid risks. If the permanent danger is truly realized, then, one is the loss of development and efficiency, and the other is the death of the monetary credit economy.
Research Status of Credit Risk at Home and Abroad
foreign research status
(1) Definition of loan industry concentration and its relationship with non-performing loans
Page 1
Mrkush(XX) thinks that the loans of commercial banks are invested in a few industries, which facilitates the management of loans by commercial banks, helps to reduce the operating costs of commercial banks and improve the income of commercial banks, but also makes the non-performing loans of commercial banks surge. JamesGerhard(XX) found through the study of American credit market that loans are classified in a deeper level according to the loan scale. Through the data, it can be found that the higher the loan scale, the more concentrated the loan industry. Two internationally renowned economists, RayGiesecke and StefanWebert(XX), describe the concentration of loan industries as concentrating a large number of loans on a few industries that have close cooperation with commercial banks. Tobias. Rothelit(XX) creatively applied behavioral finance in his research, and obtained loans from 1986 to 1995, four major American banks.
page 2
Conduct in-depth analysis and research on the data. Through the empirical study of classical econometric model, it is found that commercial banks often imitate each other, which is commonly known as a "herd effect" in the credit market. Paper net
originate from
(2) The influence of excessive concentration of loan industry on non-performing loans and its own risks.
Foreign economists have conducted in-depth research and discussion on the influence of loan industry concentration on non-performing loans of commercial banks. KayGiesecke and StefanWeber(XX) found that commercial bank loans were excessively concentrated in a certain industry from the perspective of default correlation. If this industry is not well developed and affects other industries, it will affect the credit risk of banks and even the whole financial industry. At the Basel seminar in XX, StefanWeber took the real estate credit that actually happened many times and led to the crisis of commercial banks as an example, which once again proved the influence of excessive concentration of commercial bank loans on bank risks. GrokiRossi(XX) thinks that the concentration risk of bank loan industry can be expressed by Findal-Hirschman index, such as the loan concentration of real estate industry. LodersOverbckt and ChristiaBloom(XX) think that bank risks can be divided into bank system risks and bank non-system risks, and emphasize that bank system risks can be avoided and prevented, and bank non-system risks can be reduced by reducing the concentration of bank lending assets, thus reducing the overall risks of banks.
Page 3
Domestic research status
(1) Definition of loan industry concentration and its relationship with non-performing loans
Wang Zhihua (XX) innovatively pointed out from the perspective of macroeconomics that the concentration of loan industry is to invest bank loans in industries with long operating cycle. This is caused by the cooperation between banks and customers in advantageous industries in order to reduce uncertain risks. Yang Qinghe (XX) found that commercial banks' loans are increasingly concentrated in big industries such as manufacturing and real estate, by studying the relationship between excessive concentration of loans to industries and non-performing loan ratio. The excessive concentration of loan investment is not suitable for the development of some industries and is unfavorable to the development of the whole social economy. Because the loan investment of commercial banks not only affects the development of banks, but also affects the development of the real economy. Although it is inevitable that the loan industry of commercial banks will be concentrated in specific industries, excessive concentration will lead to risks in the commercial system of banks. Wei Guoxiong believes that the concentration of bank credit portfolio and the asymmetry of bank loan information will lead to the rapid increase of non-performing assets of banks and seriously affect the normal operation of commercial banks. The influence of loan industry concentration on non-performing loans of commercial banks is an invisible risk. Chen Guoli (XX) defines the loan concentration as the loan management authority and the concentration of loan assets, while Xu (XX) thinks that the loan concentration is only the distribution of credit assets under unbalanced conditions. Ren (XX) creatively uses the Herfindal Index to measure the loan industry concentration of commercial banks in various countries from the perspective of quantitative analysis, and uses econometric analysis methods to analyze the influence of loan industry concentration on non-performing loans, and draws the conclusion that the two are positively related. This chapter summarizes the definitions of loan industry concentration by domestic and foreign scholars from different angles, and the relationship between non-performing loans of commercial banks and industrial concentration.
Page 4
That is, the supervision of industrial concentration of commercial banks. It is found that there are two characteristics: (1) Scholars at home and abroad have made qualitative research on the industrial concentration of commercial bank loans, and reminded commercial banks to pay attention to the regulation of industrial concentration with financial cases, but there is a lack of empirical analysis on industrial concentration. (2) China's commercial banks' management of industry concentration is in its infancy, and there is no practical experience to learn from.
What are the loan risks of cable manufacturers?
Although China's wire and cable industry has developed rapidly in recent years, extensive development has also left layers of problems, including fierce competition in the middle and low end, insufficient research and development of high-end products, overcapacity, low concentration and low profit rate, which have been plaguing the development of domestic cable industry. With the intensification of competition and the threat from foreign developed cable companies, the domestic wire and cable industry is in danger.
Through analysis, it is found that wire and cable production enterprises face at least five major risks: first, the specific risks brought about by the life cycle of the industry; Second, the cost risk caused by the fluctuation of raw material prices; The third is the operational risk caused by improper decision-making; 4. Financial risks of "bad debts" and "bad debts" caused by long payment period; 5. Other risks such as brain drain risk, management risk and exchange rate risk.
Page 1
First of all, the potential risks implied in the industry life cycle should not be underestimated. In enterprise management, besides macro-economy is an inevitable systemic risk, the life cycle of the industry itself, including the specific performance of the life cycle, is also an operational risk that affects the development of enterprises.
According to analysis and investigation, the system risk of wires and cables is low. In the next few years, the market capacity of wire and cable industry will develop steadily, and industry restructuring will be frequent. Opportunities and risks are equally important for operators in the wire and cable industry. For investors, industry chaos and overall overcapacity are a risk signal.
Secondly, the risk of raw material price fluctuation. As we all know, the wire and cable industry has the characteristics of "emphasizing materials but neglecting materials": 90% of the production costs of wire and cable enterprises are mainly raw materials, while copper and aluminum raw materials account for about 80% of the total production costs. At present, the raw material copper is no longer a pure industrial metal material, but has become an international financial product with strong investment speculation function. The right to speak on copper market price is not in China, so it is easy to be manipulated by international profit-seeking capital, and the market price fluctuates greatly, while China is a big importer. The production and operation of cable enterprises should increase the risk pressure of raw materials and inventory, which has a great impact on sales revenue and profits. The factors that affect international commodities are international, which are influenced by many factors such as international economy, politics and market, and are difficult to control.
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What are the risks of the company?
The company is at risk of high loan cost. The application threshold of small loan companies is low, and the risk of lending is naturally relatively large. High-risk and high-profit loan industries generally charge higher interest than banks. In addition, there are many loan scams of such companies. There are many lawless elements wearing the "coat" of small loan companies to take action against borrowers who are in a hurry to use money. Therefore, we must be cautious when lending in the company.
legal ground
Article 11 of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Personal Loans shall meet the following conditions: (1) The borrower is a People's Republic of China (PRC) citizen with full capacity for civil conduct or an overseas natural person who meets the relevant provisions of the state; (2) The purpose of the loan is clear and legal; (3) The amount, duration and currency of the loan application are reasonable; (4) The borrower has the willingness and ability to repay; (5) The borrower's credit status is good and there is no significant bad credit record; (6) Other conditions required by the lender. Article 23 A lender shall sign a written loan contract with the borrower, and a guarantee contract shall be signed at the same time if a guarantee is needed. The lender shall require the borrower to sign the loan contract and other relevant documents in person, except for loans handled through electronic banking channels.
If there is demand, it is recommended that you spend less than full, that is, the original Baidu Finance, 20 18 split, to achieve independent operation. The background of the company is a financial information technology company established in Chongqing, with a registered capital of 300 million yuan and official license. Its main business is to spend money on credit services, with Baidu brand background and technical support.
In addition, Du Xiaoman also has wealth management, wallet payment, insurance brokerage and other businesses, and has obtained securities and futures licenses, payment business licenses and insurance intermediary licenses accordingly. These businesses are completely open and in line with national supervision.
The amount of money spent on loans ranges from 500 yuan to 200,000 yuan, with an annualized interest rate of 7.2%, 6,543.8+0,000 yuan, and the interest from 2 yuan is 654.38+0 days. Long loan period, daily repayment, daily interest, no mortgage, pure credit, full online application for ID card and bank card, the fastest approval in 30 seconds, 654.38+0 minutes to the account.
Xiaoman-Rich Flowers (the second batch) Click online measurement.
Use Baidu's artificial intelligence and big data risk control technology to encrypt, monitor and protect personal information. Every loan must verify the password and other verification items, and it can only be lent to the bank card in the lender's own name, so you can use it with confidence.